Freedoms of the Air

 The "Freedoms of the Air" is a concept in international aviation law that defines the rights of a country's airlines to enter and operate in the airspace of another country.

These freedoms were established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and are recognized under the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.

There are nine Freedoms of the Air, which are divided into two categories:

First Freedom:

The right to overfly a foreign country without landing.

Second Freedom: 

The right to make a technical stop in a foreign country for non-traffic purposes, such as refuelling.

Third Freedom:

The right to carry passengers or cargo from one's own country to a foreign country.

Fourth Freedom:

The right to carry passengers or cargo from a foreign country to one's own country.

Fifth Freedom:

The right to carry passengers or cargo from one foreign country to another foreign country via one's own country.

Sixth Freedom:

The right to carry passengers or cargo between two foreign countries, with a stopover in one's own country.

Seventh Freedom:

The right to carry passengers or cargo solely between two foreign countries.

Eighth Freedom:

The right to transport passengers or cargo between two points in a foreign country.

Ninth Freedom:

The right to transport passengers or cargo within a foreign country.

These freedoms allow airlines to operate international flights and are essential for the growth and development of the global aviation industry.

However, the exercise of these freedoms is subject to negotiations between countries and can be restricted or modified based on bilateral or multilateral agreements.